|
1 Tarsi four-segmented........ 2 |
|
Tarsi five-segmented........ 3 |
 |
|
2 Marginal cilia of fore wing extremely long (fig.
2); axillae widely separated mesally, indistinct, sometimes rudimentary
(fig. 3); antennal funicle five or six-segmented........ ANTHEMUS
HOWARD, 1896 |
 |
|
Marginal fringe of fore wing relatively short (cf.
fig. 4), the longest cilia at most not much longer than setae on
submarginal vein; axillae distinct, meeting mesally; antenna with two to
four funicle segments........ ARRHENOPHAGUS AURIVILLIUS, 1888 |
 |
|
3 Fore wing with stigmal, marginal and postmarginal
veins obsolete, represented by an infuscated patch (fig. 4); head with
membranous interruptions in integument as in fig.
5................ARRHENOPHAGOIDEA Girault, 1915 |
|
Fore wing venation at least partly developed; head
without membranous interruptions as above........ 4 |
 |
|
4 Posterior margin of mesoseutum with two round
projections, each fitting into an indentation in anterior margin of
axillae (fig. 6); fore wing with marginal cilia unusually long along
caudal wing margin (fig. 7); parasitic in
Tettigometridae................PSYLLECHTHRUS GHESQUIERE, 1958 |
 |
|
Antenna six-segmented (fig. 8) Mesonotum not
especially modified as above; fore wing otherwise; not parasitic in
Tettigometridae........ 5 |
 |
|
5 Fore femur and tibia greatly swollen, the apex of
the latter with two blunt spines in addition to the strigil; antenna
eleven-segmented, the segments of pedicel, funicle and club similar in
shape; head and body hardly encyrtiform (fig. 9)........ SANGHALIA
RISBEC, 1955 |
|
Fore femur and tibia at most slightly swollen, the
latter without spines; antenna otherwise, usually
clavate................6 |
|
6 Antennal funicle with five or fewer
segments........ 7 |
|
Funicle six or seven-segmented........ 16 |
|
7 Antenna (fig. 10) in profile foliaceously flattened
and expanded (Antennal club not segmented, the funicle with 3-5
segments, all strongly transverse; mandible bidentate; body brown to
blackish-brown in colour; parasitic in
Pseudococeidae)................TROPIDOPHRYNE COMPERE, 1931 |
|
Antenna not foliaceously flattened, at most the scape
expanded ventrally........ 8 |
|
8 Funicle four-segmented........ 9 |
|
Funicle five-segmented........ 10 |
|
9 Apex of scutellum with two lamelliforrn setae (cf.
figs 27. 28); fore wing distinctly infuscated, patterned; body flattened
dorsoventrally; parasitic in Diaspididae................PSEUDHOMALOPODA
GIRAULT, 1915 |
|
Scutellum without lamelliform setae; fore wing
hyaline; body not flattened dorsoventrally; parasitic in aculeate
Hymenoptera........ XYLENCYRTUS ANNECKE, 1968 |
|
10 Antennal club not divided. (Body blackish, the
scutellum metallic green; marginal and postmarginal veins of forc wing
punctiform or very short; parapsidal sulci present; parasitic in
Psyllidae)................TRECHNITES THOMSON, 1876 |
|
Antennal club two or three-segmented........ 11 |
|
11 Antennal club two-segmented. (Maxillary palpi each
with two segments, the labial not segmented; mandible tridentate (fig.
11), the upper tooth retracted; parasitic in
Pseudococcidae)................TIMBERLAKIA MERCET, 1925 |
|
Club three-segmented........ 12 |
|
12 Ovipositor protruding at apex of metasoma........
13 |
|
Ovipositor not or hardly protruding........ 14 |
|
13 Antennal club white; maxillary palpi each with
four segments, the labial with three segments. Parasitic in
Pseudococcidae................PSEUDAPHYCUS CLAUSEN, 1915 |
|
Antennal club not white; maxillary palpi each with
four segments, the labial with two segments. Parasitic in
Pseudococcidae................ ACEROPHAGUS SMITH, 1880 |
|
14 Mandible bidentate; maxillary palpi each with two
segments, the labial not segmented; paratergites present; parasitic in
Pseudococcidae. Male antenna ramose, the rami borne on funicle segments
I-IV................TETRACNEMOIDEA HOWARD, 1898 |
|
Mandible with more than two teeth; palpi different;
paratergites absent; not parasitic in Pseudococcidae................15 |
|
15 Head and body dark brown to blackish-brown,
non-metallic except for frontovertex which may have a very slight
metallic tinge; parasitic in aculeate
Hymenoptera................XYLENCYRTUS ANNECKE, 1968 |
|
Head and body dominantly black, the scutellum
brilliant metallic green in colour; parasitic in Psyllidae........
TRECHNITES THOMSON, 1876 |
|
16 Hind tibia foliaceously flattened (fig.
12)........ 17 |
|
Hind tibia not or only slightly
flattened................ 18 |
|
17 Antennal club three-segmented; mandible with three
small teeth (fig. 13); parasitic in Cicadellidae. Male antenna with six
rami (fig. 14)........ NEOCLADIA PERKINS, 1906 |
|
Club not segmented; mandible with a single tooth;
parasitic in Cercopidae........ CARABUNIA WATERSTON, 1928 |
|
18 Wings greatly reduced................19 |
|
Wings normally developed........ 25 |
|
19 Scutellum with a flange or lamella (fig. 15), in
profile this flange shows as a thin, flat, caudal projection of the apex
of scutellum................20 |
|
Scutellum without a flange................21 |
|
20 Mandible with two acute teeth; parasitic in
Pseudococcidae........ ERICYDNUS WALKER, 1837 |
|
Mandible with three teeth; parasitic in
Coccidae........ PARAPHAENODISCUS GIRAULT, 191 5 |
|
21 Antenna nine-segmented, the club not segmented;
mandible bidentate; parasitic in Pseudococcidae. Male antenna
six-segmented, segments II - V each with a ramus........ TETRACNEMUS
WESTWOOD, 1837 |
|
Antenna eleven-segmented, the club with three
segments; mandible otherwise; not parasitic in
Pseudococcidae................22 |
|
22 Scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles,
these strong bristles rarely scattered and not forming a distinct
tuft........................23 |
|
Scutellar tuft of bristles absent........ 24 |
|
23 Mandible edentate, broadly rounded apically (fig.
16); gonostyli (3rd valvulae) absent................ENCYRTUS LATREILLE,
1809 |
|
Mandible tridentate; gonostyli present........
DIVERSINERVUS SILVESTRI,........1915 |
|
24 Apterous, or wings represented by a stub........
METAPHYCUS MERCET, 19 17 |
|
Fore wing reduced in size, but with venation distinct
(fig. 17)........ NEOCOCCIDENCYRTUS COMPERE, 1928 |
|
25 Dorsum of scutellum with a longitudinal,
inconspicuous, median keel................PENTELlCUS HOWARD, 1895 |
|
Head and thorax pitted; antennal club
three-segmented, obliquely truncate apically. Scutellum without a median
keel................26 |
|
26 Head with a horn-like protuberance jutting from
middle of face just below antennal Insertions........ RHINOENCYRTUS
MERCET, 1918 |
|
Head without facial protuberance................ 27 |
|
27 Fore wing with stigmal vein branching away before
venation reaches cephalic wing margin (figs 18- 22); postmarginal vein
never reaching cephalic edge of wing................28 |
|
Fore wing venation normal, at most marginal vein
punctiform (figs 34, 63, 82, 89); or rarely, if marginal vein absent,
then postmarginal touches edge of wing (fig. 80)................32 |
|
28 Anterior margin of frontovertex produced to form a
prominent ridge that overhangs upper limits of scrobes; mandibles
diminutive................AMlRA GIRAULT, 1913 |
|
Frontovertex rounded on to face, without an anterior
ledge; mandibles relatively large, well developed........ 29 |
|
29 Antennal scrobes sulcate, impressed on face as an
inverted V, their lateral margins sharply angled (fig. 23). Male and
female antennae identical in shape and segmentation; parasitic in
Aclerdidae................ALLENCYRTUS ANNECKE & MYNHARDT, 1973 |
|
Antennal scrobes otherwise........ 30 |
|
30 Antennal club three-segmented; mandible edentate,
broadly rounded apically (fig. 24); parasitic in Coccidae and
Stictococcidae........ AETHOGNATHUS SILVESTRI, 1915 |
|
Antennal club not segmented, obliquely truncate;
mandible tridentate; not parasitic in scale insects........ 31 |
|
31 Frontovertex and face with large pits, each with a
strong metallic lustre; antennal scape (fig. 25) strongly expanded
ventrally; parasitic in eggs of spiders................PROLEUROCERUS
FERRIERE, 1935 |
|
Frontovertex at most finely punctate, non-metallic;
antennal scape at most slightly expanded ventrally; parasitic in
Neuroptera nymphs........ ISODROMUS HOWARD, 1887 |
|
32 Scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles,
these strong bristles rarely scattered and not forming a distinct
tuft................ 33 |
|
Scutellum without a tuft of bristles, the setae
recumbent, except for one subapical pair which is sometimes
present................37 |
|
33 Head elongate in dorsal view, longer than wide or
almost so, the greater part of each eye placed dorsally; mesoscutum
(fig. 26) usually with a tuft of coarse bristles, but this tuft lacking
in some species........ DIVERSINERVUS SILVESTRI, 1915 |
|
Head otherwisE; mesoscutum never with a tuft of
bristles................34 |
|
34 Antenna enlarged, flattened, the club
two-segmented, very large, almost as long as entire funicle; mandible
bidentate; parasitic in Pseudococcidae. Head and body generally smooth
and polished, brilliantly metallic in colour........ CHRYSOPLATYCERUS
ASHMEAD, 1889 |
|
Antenna not broadened and flattened, the club
three-segmented; mandibles different; not parasitic in
mealybugs................ 35 |
|
35 Mandible edentate (fig. 16), broadly rounded
apically; gonostyli absent; primary parasitoids of Coccidae........
ENCYRTUS LATREILLE, 1809 |
|
Mandible otherwise; gonostyli present; usually
hyperparasitoids................36 |
|
36 Ovipositor not or only slightly exserted at apex
of metasoma........ CHEILONEURUS WESTWOOD, 1833 |
|
Ovipositor protruding strongly, by about one-half
length of metasoma. Metasoma usually truncate
apically................PROCHILONEURUS SILVESTRI, 1915 |
|
37 Apex of scutellum with a pair of lamelliform setae
(figs 27, 28)........ 38 |
|
Scutellum without a pair of lamelliform setae........
39 |
|
38 Antenna (fig. 29) broadened and flattened, the
funicle segments strongly transverse; eyes margined dorsally with white;
fronto-occipital margin of head without a pair of lamelliform setae.
Parasitic in Diaspididae................COMPERIELLA HOWARD, 1906 |
|
Antenna not broadened and flattened; eyes not
margined with white; fronto-occipital margin with a pair of small
lamelliform setae. Parasitic in Diaspididae................HABROLEPIS
FOERSTER, 1856 |
|
39 Submarginal vein of fore wing with a subtriangular
expansion (figs 30, 34) in its apical one-third, this expansion usually
bearing a single strong seta........ 40 |
|
Submarginal vein without a triangular
expansion................43 |
|
40 Junction of frontovertex and face forming a
transverse ledge above scrobes (fig. 35); antennal scape broadly
expanded ventrally................41 |
|
Frontovertex rounded on to face, not forming a ledge;
antenna slender, the scape at most slightly expanded
ventrally................42 |
|
41 Antenna entirely broadened and Aattened (fig. 31
); fore wing with a characteristic pattern of radiating dark bands (fig.
32); head and body black with strong metallic refringence; presumed
hyperparasitoids of Coccidae........ CERAPTEROCERUS WESTWOOD, 1833 |
|
Antenna not broadened and flattened except for scape
(fig. 33); fore wing (fig. 34) infuscated, but without distinct patterns
as above; head and body dominantly brownish, without strong metallic
refringence; primary parasitoids of Asterolecaniidae. Head as in fig.
35........ MAYRENCYRTUS HINCKS, 1944 |
|
42 Mesoscutum with incomplete parapsidal sulci (fig.
36); maxillary and labial palpi each two-segmented; paratergites
present; parasitic in Pseudococcidae........ PAURIDIA TIMBERLAKE, 1919 |
|
Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci; maxillary palpi
each with four segments, the labial with three; paratergites absent;
parasitic in Diaspididae........ PROTYNDARICHUS MERCET,........1922 |
|
43 Mandible with only two acute or subacute teeth
(figs 37, 38). Paratergites (fig. 39) usually present, plainly visible
in cleared, slide-mounted specimens; speculum of fore wing usually
lacking a row of coarse, spine-like setae along outer edge of speculum;
cercal plates often advanced to a level near base of metasoma;
exclusively parasitic in Pseudococcidae................120 |
|
Mandible otherwise, never only with two more or less
pointed teeth........ 44 |
|
44 Entire fore wing, or part of it, distinctly
infuscated, the infuscation rarely restricted to an area beneath the
venation........ 45 |
|
Fore wing entirely hyaline, or very faimly and
inconspicuously infuscated, the infuscation then usually only visible if
wing held against a white background........ 73 |
|
45 Fore wing with a conspicuous incision in cephalic
wing margin at distal end of submarginal vein (fig. 40)........
EUGAHANIA MERCET, 1926 |
|
Fore wing without an incision in cephalic
margin................46 |
|
46 Scutellum with a posterior flange or lamella (fig.
15); in profile this flange shows as a thin flat caudal projection of
the scutellum................47 |
|
Scutellum without a marginal flange, the posterior
margin rarely forming a very short lip........ 49 |
|
47 Antennal club white; gonostyli absent; club large,
much longer than the distal three funicle segments together; parasitic
in Lepidoptera eggs. Antenna as in fig. 41................HESPERENCYRTUS
ANNECKE, 1971 |
|
Antennal club not white; gonostyli present; club
about as long as the distal three funicle segments together; not
parasitic in Lepidoptera........ 48 |
|
48 Frontovertex and face with numerous large pits,
each brilliantly metallic green in colour........ DISCODES FOERSTER,
1856 |
|
Head at most with fine punctations. Orange-brown to
dark brown, rarely black, species, at most weakly refringent; fore wing
strongly and uniformly infuscated from base to near apex; usually
parasitic in Pulvinaria spp. on grass................PARAPHAENODISCUS
GIRAULT, 1915 |
|
49 Stigmal vein of fore wing placed a lmost at right
angle to postmarginal vein (fig. 42). Fore wing infuscated with
contrasting hyaline patches as in fig. 42; parasitic in Lacciferidae and
Coccidae................RUANDELLA RISBEC, 1957 |
|
Angle between stigmal and postmarginal veins much
smaller, usually strongly acute........ 50 |
|
50 Mandible with four teeth (fig. 43). Body somewhat
flattened dorsoventrally; head subtriangular in lateral view, the face a
little inflexed; exclusively parasitic in Diaspididae........
ADELENCYRTUS ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
Mandible otherwise........ 51 |
|
51 Antennal club white, usually obliquely truncate
apically................52 |
|
Antennal club darker in colour, seldom obliquely
truncate apically................55 |
|
52 Antennal club three-segmented; not parasitic in
Coleoptera........ 53 |
|
Antennal dub not segmented, rarely with faint traces
of one or two septa on one side of the club; parasitic in
Coleoptera........ 54 |
|
53 Antennal scape expanded ventrally (fig. 44); hcad
and body strongly metallic in colour, the head and thorax usually
covered with silvery-white setae; parasitic in the oothecae of
cockroaches........ COMPERIA GOMES, 1942 |
|
Antennal scape not or only slightly expanded
ventrally (fig. 45); head and body without metallic refringence;
parasitic in Pseudococcidae........ APHYCUS MAYR |
|
54 Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci (fig. 46); basal
one-half or so of tegulae white; antennal scape slender, subcylindrical;
primary parasitoids of Coccinellidae................HOMALOTYLUS MAYR,
1875 |
|
Mesoscutum without parapsidaJ sulci; tegula not
white; scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally; parasitic in
Notiophygidae................HOMALOTYLOIDEA MERCET, 1921 |
|
55 Body flattened dorsoventrally, the dorsum of head
and thorax almost flat. Parasitic in Diaspididae........ 56 |
|
Body not flattened dorsoventrally, the head and
thorax more or less convex........ 57 |
|
56 Antenna entirely broadened and flattened (fig.
29); frontovertex with two narrow whitish bands, one each extending
along the dorsal eye margins. Fore wing boldly marked........
COMPERIELLA HOWARD, 1906 |
|
Antenna not broadened and flattened; frontovertex
without pale bands........................HABROLEPIS FOERSTER, 1856 |
|
57 Antenna foliaceously flattened (fig. 47); junction
of frontovertex and face carinate or at least acutely angled and
grooved........ 58 |
|
Antenna not flattened except for scape which may be
expanded ventrally; head without a facial carina................60 |
|
58 Frontovertex terminating anteriorly at a
transverse groove (fig. 48) containing dense, recumbent, silvery-white
setae................ANASEMION ANNECKE, 1967 |
|
Junction of frontovertex and face lacking a
transverse row of dense setae........ 59 |
|
59 Greatest (oblique) length of antennal club plainly
longer than upper edge of funicle, usually longer than that of funicle
and pedicel together; antennal scape in profile tending to
subtriangular, or at least the more or less straight (or flattened) part
or upper edge less than one-half as long as that of lower edge; base of
fore wing largely devoid of discal setae, or at most with a large area
sparsely setose................ ANICETUS HOWARD, 1895 |
|
Greatest (oblique) length of antennal club at most as
long as, usually shorter than funicle measured along upper edge;
antennal scape in profile tending to subrectangular, or at least the
more or less flattened upper edge more than one-half as long as the
straight part of lower edge; base of fore wing usually densely
setose................................PARACERAPTROCERUS GIRAULT, 1920 |
|
60 Ovipositor protruding strongly (fig. 49) at apex
of metasoma by about one· half length of metasoma........ 61 |
|
Ovipositor not or only slightly exserted, if rarely
strongly protruded, then antennal scrobes sulcate, or mandible slender,
tridentate, the upper tooth retracted (fig. 50)........ 62 |
|
61 Head with numerous setigerous pits; fore wing with
a single pale cross-band beyond venation; body robust, black in colour;
parasitic in Coccidae........ LOMBITSIKALA RISBEC, 1957 |
|
Head at most with minute, indistinct punctations;
fore wing without hyaline cross-bands; body more or less slender,
usually generally yellowish to brownish; probably hyperparasitoids,
usually in mealybugs........ PROCHILONEURUS SILVESTRI, 1915 |
|
62 Antennal scape long and slender, at most slightly
expanded ventrally........ 63 |
|
Antennal scape moderately to broadly expanded, less
than three times as long as its greatest width................70 |
|
63 Fore wing with marginal vein several times longer
than stigmal (fig. 51); antennal club with four segments, visible only
in cleared slide·mounted specimens (fig. 52)........ METAPHAENODISCUS
MERCET, 1921 |
|
Marginal vein of fore wing shorter than, or subequal
to stigmal vein; club with fewer than four segments................64 |
|
64 Antennal scrobes sulcate (figs 53, 54), impressed
on face as two deep furrows, their lateral margins acutely angled, at
least in their basal one-half or so, converging, sometimes confluent
dorsally to form an inverted V-shaped impression on face........ 65 |
|
Antennal scrobes otherwise................66 |
|
65 Antennal club not longer than the distal funicle
segments together; frontovertex more or less pitted; mandible with two
teeth and a broad truncation (fig. 55); parasitic in
Coccidae................ALOENCYRTUS PRINSLOO, 1978 |
|
Antennal club much longer than the distal three
funicle segments together; frontovertex without pits or punctations;
mandible with three teeth and a truncation (fig. 56). Parasitic in
Lacciferidae. Male antenna with two smaIl funicle segments and a large,
unsegmented banana shaped club (fig. 57)........ ERENCYRTUS
MAHDIHASSAN,........1923 |
|
66 Mandible with three distinct teeth, the upper one
sometimes retracted................67 |
|
Mandible otherwise................68 |
|
67 Antenna (fig. 58) slender, not clavate, the
funicle segments each longer than wide, the pedicel and funicle subcqual
in length; parasitic in Coccidae................ HADRENCYRTUS ANNECKE &
MYNHARDT, 1973 |
|
Antenna (fig. 45) clavate, not particularly slender,
the basal funicle segment plainly wider than long, small, much shorter
than pedicel; parasitic in Pseudococcidae........ APHYCUS MAYR, 1876 |
|
68 Mandible with a single tooth and a broad serrated
truncation (fig. 59); ovipositor with gonostyli absent; parasitic in
Membracidae................PRIONOMASTIX MAYR, 1876 |
|
Mandible otherwise; gonostyli present; not parasitic
in Membracidae................69 |
|
69 Antennal club large, about as long as entire
funicle; integument of head and thorax heavily sclerotized, strongly and
intricately sculptured with raised, irregular ridges; probably parasitic
in Lacciferidae. Fore wing with areas of very coarse discal setae (fig.
60)................ COCCOPILATUS ANNECKE, 1963 |
|
Antennal club shorter than funicle; sculpture of head
and thorax mostly cellulite-reticulate; parasitic in Diaspididae........
NEOCOCCIDENCYRTUS COMPERE, 1928 |
|
70 Antenna with all funicle segments transverse (fig.
61); club very large, longer than entire funicle; paratergitcs present;
frontovertex pitted; parasitic in
Pseudococcidae................NEODISCODES COMPERE, 1931 |
|
Funicle segments not all wider than long; club
shorter than entire funicle; paratergites absent; frontovertex at most
with fine punctations; not parasitic in mealybugs................71 |
|
71 Head and thoracic dorsum largely metallic
blue-green or cupreous, covered with silvery-white setae; parasitic in
the oothecae of cockroaches........ COMPERIA GOMES, 1942 |
|
Head and body generally yellowish to brownish,
without any metallic refringence or white setae; parasitic in
Coccoidea................72 |
|
72 Antennal club longer than distal three funicle
segments together, usually much wider than funicle segment VI; if rarely
shorter, then distal four funicle segments
white................METAPHYCUS MERCET, 1917 |
|
Club about as long as the distal three funicle
segments together, at most a little wider than distal funicle segment;
funicle with at most distal three segments
white................MICROTERYS THOMSON, 1876 |
|
73 Gonostyli exserted at apex of metasoma, the
exserted parts laterally compressed, usually more or less rounded
apically in lateral view........ 74 |
|
Gonostyli, if protruding at apex of metasoma, not
flattened laterally, usually having the appearance of two slender, sharp
stylets................78 |
|
74 Scutellum entirely or partly shiny, with a
polished appearance, without differentiated sculptural cells; mandibles
exceptionally large (fig. 62)........ 75 |
|
Scutellum dorsally sculptured, not smooth and
polished; mandibles normal................76 |
|
75 Postmarginal vein (fig. 63) of fore wing shorter
than marginal, not reaching to a level near apex of stigmal; basal
triangle of wing disc largely devoid of setae; parasitic in
Coleoptera................ZETETICONTUS SILVESTRI, 1915 |
|
Postmarginal vein of fore wing subequal to or longer
than marginal, reaching to about the level of apex of stigmal; basal
triangle of wing disc evenly and densely setose; parasitic in
Diptera........ TACHINAEPHAGUS ASHMEAD,........1904 |
|
76 Antennal funicle and club white in colour;
antennal scape expanded ventrally, the funicle segments all wider than
long; parasitic in Coleoptera. Head with membranous interruptions of
sclerotized integument as in fig. 64........ CHRYSOMELECHTHRUS
TRJAPITZIN, 1978 |
|
Antennal funicle and club dark in colour; scape
slender, subcylindrical, the funicle with at least basal four or five
segments longer than wide; parasitic in Diptera........ 77 |
|
77 Head and body entirely metallic green to
blue-green in colour; pedicel shorter than, to about as long as, basal
funicle segment; clypeal margin not crenulate........ CERCHYSIUS
WESTWOOD, 1832 |
|
Head and body without metallic lustre; pedicel
plainly longer than basal funicle segment; clypeal margin with
crenulae........ XYPHIMETASOMA RISBEC, 1954 |
|
78 Head, in frontal view, with eyes large, extending
almost to mouth margin, the genae very short. Head and body metallic
green in colour, the tegulae partly white; male antenna with four rami,
borne on the first four funicle segments; parasitic in
Lepidoptera........ PARABLASTOTHRIX MERCET, 1917 |
|
Genae much longer, usually plainly more than
one-third longest diameter of eye in frontal view........ 79 |
|
79 Mandible with four teeth (figs 43, 65)........ 80 |
|
Mandible otherwise................81 |
|
80 Scutellum longitudinally striate (fig. 66); dorsum
of thorax gently convex, the thorax not dorsoventrally
compressed........ MERCETENCYRTUS TRJAPITZIN, 1963 |
|
Scutellum largely cellulate-reticulate, not giving
the surface a striated effect; body some what flattened dorsoventrally,
the thoracic dorsum flat or almost so........ ADELENCYRTUS ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
81 Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci (cf. fig.
46)........ 82 |
|
Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci........ 83 |
|
82 Antenna (fig. 67) long and slender, the scape
subcylindrical, the funicle segments all longer than wide; paratergites
present; body entirely black, or black with metasoma yellowish, the
latter laterally margined with blackish-brown; head and thorax with a
metallic refringence; parasitic in
Pseudococcidae................CHARITOPUS FOERSTER, 1856 |
|
Antennal scape moderately to broadly expanded
ventrally, the funicle segments not all longer than wide (fig. 68);
paratergites absent; head and body without a metallic refringence,
usually yellowish to brownish in colour; parasitic in Coccoidea other
than Pseudococcidae................METAPHYCUS MERCET, 1917 |
|
83 Antennal scape cylindrical or almost so, more than
three times as long as its greatest width........ 84 |
|
Scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally, less
than three times as long as wide........ 117 |
|
84 Antennal sockets placed high on face (fig. 69),
their lower limits at or above lower eye level. Body black in colour,
the frontovertex and face more or less pitted; antennal scrobes usually
sulcate; parasitic in Coccidae........ BOTHRIOPHRYNE COMPERE, 1937 |
|
Antennal scrobes placed lower on face, their lower
limits well below lower eye level, sometimes almost at mouth
margin........ 85 |
|
85 Antennal club white........ 86 |
|
Antennal club not white........ 87 |
|
86 Head and thorax brilliant metallic green in
colour; antennal club strongly obliquely truncate apically; mandible
(fig. 70) with two teeth and a broad truncation; parasitic in the
oothecae of cockroaches........ COMPERIA GOMES, 1942 |
|
Head and body without metallic refringence; club
rounded apically; mandible (fig. 50) with three slender teeth, the
dorsal one somewhat retracted; parasitic in
Pseudococcidae................APHYCUS MAYR, 1876 |
|
87 Antenna nine-segmented, the club unsegmented.
Polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae................88 |
|
Antenna eleven-segmented, the club
three-segmented................89 |
|
88 Antennal club obliquely truncate from near base
(fig. 71); postmarginal vein of fore wing short, shorter than
stigmal................LITOMASTIX THOMSON, 1876 |
|
Antennal club rounded or more or less squarely
truncate at apex (fig. 72); postmarginal vein (fig. 73) unsually long,
reaching to a level beyond apex of stigmal
vein................AGENIASPIS DAHLBOM, 1857 |
|
89 Mandible (fig. 74) with three distinct teeth and a
straight dorsal truncation. Parasitic in Lacciferidae........ 90 |
|
Mandible otherwise........ 91 |
|
90 Abdomen with two interrupted rows of gland-like
structures (fig. 75), one each on tergum II and VII, head and thorax
with rather strong metallic refringence........ ADENCYRTUS PRINSLOO,
1977 |
|
Abdomen without gland-like structures; head and body
at most very slightly metallic in parts. Male antenna (fig. 57) with two
small, transverse funicle segments and a long, unsegmented banana-shaped
club................ERENCYRTUS MAHDIHASSAN, 1923 |
|
91 Antennal scrobes sulcate (figs 53, 54, 76), their
lateral margins sharply angled, usually impressed on face as an inverted
V........ 92 |
|
Scrobes otherwise........ 94 |
|
92 Gonostyli very short and broad (fig. 77),
subtriangular, densely covered with short, spine-like setae. Body black
in colour; male antenna ten-segmented, the club two-segmented; parasitic
in Lacciferidae........ LACCACIDA PRINSLOO, 1977 |
|
Gonostyli otherwise: elongate and slender, not
densely covered with spine-like setae. Antenna of male nine-segmented,
the club not segmented........ 93 |
|
93 Mandible (fig. 78) with three teeth; frontovertex
with fine punctations; parasitic in
Lacciferidae................TACHARDIAEPHAGUS ASHMEAD, 1904 |
|
Mandible (fig. 55) with two teeth and a dorsal
truncation; frontovertex with large punctations or with pits; parasitic
in Coccidae........ ALOENCYRTUS PRINSLOO, 1978 |
|
94 Antennal funicle with contrasting white and black
segments........ 95 |
|
Antennal funicle unicolorous or almost so........ 97 |
|
95 Body yellowish to brownish, without a metallic
tinge; antennal club rounded apically; primary parasitoids of
Coccidae........ METAPHYCUS MERCET, 1917 |
|
Body black, in parts with weak to strong metallic
refringence; antennal club obliquely or transversely truncate apically;
not parasitic in Coccidae........ 96 |
|
96 Mandible with three distinct teeth; antennal club
(fig. 79) transversely truncate apically; marginal vein punctiform (fig.
80); polyembryonic parasitoids in larvae of
Lepidoptera................PARALITOMASTIX MERCET, 1921 |
|
Mandible with two teeth and a dorsal truncation;
antennal club (fig. 81) obliquely truncate apically; marginal vein of
fore wing (fig. 82) well developed; hyperparasitic in Coccidae........
SILVESTRIA TRJAPITZIN, 1972 |
|
97 All funicle segments plainly wider than
long................98 |
|
Funicle segments not all wider than
long................102 |
|
98 Postmarginal vein (fig. 83) of fore wing very
long, much longer than marginal, reaching to a level beyond apex of
stigmal; paratergites present; mandible with three slender teeth, the
middle one longest; parasitic in Pseudococcidae................BLEPYRUS
HOWARD, 1898 |
|
Fore wing venation otherwise; paratergites absent;
mandible otherwise; not parasitic in mealybugs........ 99 |
|
99 Antennal scrobes absent or represented by two very
short, shallow furrows, at most hardly longer than the longest diameter
of a torulus; the latter placed at or close to mouth margin; parasitic
in aculeate Hymenoptera................COELOPENCYRTUS TIMBERLAKE, 1919 |
|
Antennal scrobes otherwise, usually well developed;
antennal sockets placed higher on face, their upper limits usually about
level with lower eye margins; not parasitic in aculeate
Hymenoptera........ 100 |
|
100 Maxillary palpi each with three segments, the
labial with a single segment; small species, about 0,6 mm in length;
parasitic in eggs of Coleoptera and Diptera................OOBIUS
TRJAPITZIN, 1963 |
|
Palpi otherwise; larger species, often more than 1 mm
in length; not egg parasitoids........ 101 |
|
101 Head and body dominantly dark blackish-brown to
black; antennal club (fig. 84) obliquely truncate apically; parasitic in
Diptera........ EXORISTOBIA ASHMEAD, 1904 |
|
Head and body dominantly yellowish to
brownish-yellow; antennal club rounded apically; parasitic in
Coccoidea........ METAPHYCUS MERCET, 1917 |
|
102 Small species, at most about 1 mm in length, but
usually less than 1 mm; exclusively parasitic in insect eggs, often in
those of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera........ 103 |
|
Larger species, usually more than 1 mm in length; if
less than 1 mm in length, then not parasitic in insect eggs, but in the
larvae and pupae of insects................104 |
|
103 Antennal club longer than entire funicle; funicle
segments I-V transverse; maxillary palpi each with three segments, the
labial palpi not segmented........ OOBIUS TRJAPITZIN, 1963 |
|
Antennal club shorter than entire funicle; maxillary
palpi each with four segments, the labial with three........ OOENCYRTUS
ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
104 Antennal scrobes absent or represented by two
very short shallow furrows, at most hardly longer than the longest
diameter of a torulus; head usually approximately round in outline in
frontal view with mouth margin broad, antennal sockets placed close to
mouth margin; parasitic in aculeate
Hymenoptera................COELOPENCYRTUS TIMBERLAKE, 1919 |
|
Scrobes otherwise, usually well developed; other
characters different; not parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera........ 105 |
|
105 Mandible with three acute or subacute teeth (figs
85, 86)........ 106 |
|
Mandible otherwise, rarely with three teeth, but then
dorsal tooth not acute or subacute, but broad, the apex squarely to
roundly truncate (fig. 87)................111 |
|
106 Head and body entirely and brilliantly metallic
in colour; parasitic in Aclerdidae................MAYRIDIA MERCET. 1921 |
|
Head and body at most with a faint to moderately
strong metallic refringence on frontovertex, face and thorax; not
parasitic in Aclerdidae........ 107 |
|
107 Antennal club as long as the distal three funicle
segments together; marginal vein or fore wing longer than stigmal;
parasitic in dryinid wasps........ HELEGONATOPUS PERKINS, 1906 |
|
Antennal club longer than funicle segments III-VI;
marginal vein at most as long as stigmal; not parasitic in
Hymenoptera........ 108 |
|
108 Antennal club obliquely truncate apically.
Thoracic dorsum usually with metallic green and purple refringence;
polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae........ LITOMASTIX
THOMSON, 1876 |
|
Antennal club rounded apically, or club segments
transverse........ 109 |
|
109 Antenna long and slender, the funicle segments
all longer than wide; polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera
larvae........ COPIDOSOMA RATZEBURG, 1844 |
|
Funicle segments not all longer than wide, the
antenna not particularly slender; not parasitic in
Lepidoptera................110 |
|
110 Marginal and postmarginal veins very short, the
latter much shorter than stigmal vein, sometimes punctiform;
frontovertex without punctations; usually parasitic in
Coccidae................METAPHVCUS MERCET, 1917 |
|
Marginal and postmarginal veins well developed, the
latter reaching almost to the level of apex of stigmal vein;
frontovertex with scattered puncrations; exclusively parasitic in
Lacciferidae........ TACHARDIAEPHACUS ASHMEAD, 1904 |
|
111 Tergum II and VII of abdomen each with an
interrupted row of gland-like structures (fig. 88)........ ZAOMMA
ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
Antennal club long, usually about as long as enure
funicle; legs usually banded; parasitic in Diaspididae. Abdomen without
gland-like structures........ 112 |
|
112 Maxillary palpi each with three segments, the
labial each with two; parasitic in Diaspididae. Small species, usually
not much more than 1 mm in length; antenna generally slender, the club
long........ COCCIDENCYRTUS ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
Maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial
with three; not parasitic in Diaspididae........ 113 |
|
113 Marginal vein of fore wing relatively long*,
broad, dark in colour, about as long as, or longer than, stigmal vein
(figs 89, 90); mandible with three well separated teeth, the upper one
squarely or roundly truncate (fig. 87)........ 114 |
|
Marginal vein punctiform or very short, shorter than
stigmal (figs 91, 92); if rarely subequal to stigmal, then mandible with
a well separated ventral tooth and a broad dorsal truncation (fig.
93)........ 115 |
|
114 Body longer than 1 mm; thorax slender, the
scutellum longer than wide; legs usually not banded; primary parasitoids
of Syrphidae........ SYRPHOPHAGUS ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
Smaller species, usually about 1 mm in length;
scutellum relatively broad, about as long as wide or a little wider than
long; legs usually banded; hyperparasitoids of aphids, rarely of
psyllids................APHIDENCYRTUS ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
115 Head and body pale, dominantly yellow in colour,
without metallic refringence; parasitic in Coccidae. Male remarkable in
colour: orange and brilliant metallic green in parts........
ARGUTENCYRTUS PRINSLOO & ANNECKE, 1979 |
|
Head and body entirely metallic in colour, or black
with some parts with faint to moderately strong metallic refringence, or
rarely at least head and thorax black; not parasitic in Coccidae........
116 |
|
116 Usually entirely metallic green or blue-green in
colour, rarely with only some parts metallic in colour; parasitic in
Psyllidae........ PSYLLAEPHAGUS ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
Never entirely metallic in colour, at most the head
and thoracic dorsum with weak to moderately strong metallic refringence;
parasitic in Syrphidae and Coccinellidae................ SYRPHOPHAGUS
ASHMEAD, 1900 |
|
117 Eyes exceptionally setose (fig. 123), the setae
long, strongly developed; frontovertex sparsely pitted; antenna (fig.
126) with scape blackish, the remainder of antenna uniformly paler in
colour........ SWAZENCYRTUS Prinsloo & Annecke, 1979. |
|
Eyes sparsely setose, the setae fine; frontovertex at
most finely punctate; colour of antenna otherwise........ 118 |
|
118 Head tending to opisthognathous, the frontovertex
almost horizontal, meeting the inflexed face at an acute angle, so that
head is subtriangular in lateral view; parasitic in ticks (Ixodidae).
Male sometimes brachypterous, in which case the head has a forked
process jutting forward at junction of frontovertex and face........
HUNTERELLUS HOWARD, 1908 |
|
Head hypognathous, the frontovertex more or less
convex, rounded on to face; not parasitic in ticks........ 119 |
|
119 Head and body largely yellowish to brownish,
without metallic refringence; antennal scrobes more or less well
developed; toruli with lower limits well above clypeal margin; parasitic
in Coccoidea................METAPHYCUS MERCET, 1917 |
|
Head and body dominantly black, the head and thoracic
dorsum with faint to strong metallic refringence; scrobes absent or
developed as two very short shallow furrows, hardly longer than the
longest diameter of a torulus; toruli placed at or close to mouth
margin; polyembryonic parasitoids of aculeate Hymenoptera........
COELOPENCYRTUS TIMBERLAKE, 1919 |
|
120 Antennal funicle seven-segmented........ ALAMELLA
AGARWAL, 1966 |
|
Club two-segmented; head and body without metallic
lustre; maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial with two.
Funicle with six or fewer segments........ 121 |
|
121 Scutellum with a posterior flange or lamella (cf.
fig. 15); in profile this flange shows as a thin flat caudal projection
of the scutellum. Body often black, the head dark metallic green;
antenna long, slender, the scape cylindrical; marginal and postmarginal
veins long........ ERICYDNUS WALKER, 1837 |
|
Scutellum without a flange........ 122 |
|
122 Head prognathous (fig. 94), elongate and
flattened in dorsal view, almost as long as thorax (fig. 95), the eyes
elongate, in dorsal view occupying almost whole of head laterally;
antenna (fig. 96) extremely large, foliaceously flattened, the club
three-segmented................ MONSTRANUSIA TRJAPITZIN, 1964 |
|
Head otherwise; if antenna foliaceously flattened,
then club not segmented................123 |
|
123 Antenna nine-segmented........ 124 |
|
Antenna ten or eleven-segmented........ 126 |
|
124 Fore wing distinctly infuscated with hyaline
patches (fig. 97). Head .and body largely metallic in colour; antenna
sometimes foliaceously flattened; ovipositor often strongly protruded at
apex of metasoma; male antenna with funicle six-segmented, segments II –
V each with a ramus........ TETRACNEMUS WESTWOOD, 1837 |
|
Fore wing entirely hyaline........ 125 |
|
125 Head and body entirely metallic green to
blue-green in colour; antenna (fig. 111) long, the fumcle and club
broad, somewhat laterally compressed................CALLAINCYRTUS
Prinsloo & Annecke, 1979 |
|
Head and body at most with faint metallic refringence
on frontovertex, face and thoracic dorsum; antenna not particularly
slender, the segments not flattened................ALLOCERELLUS
SILVESTRI, 1915 |
|
126 Antenna ten-segmented, the club with two
segments........ 127 |
|
Antenna eleven-segmented, the club
three-segmented........ 128 |
|
127 Head and body flatlened dorsoventrally; maxillary
palpi each with two segments, the labial not segmented. Small species,
weakly sclerotized, usually yellowish, without metallic refringence;
marginal and postmarginal veins short or punctiform........ RHOPUS
FOERSTER, 1856 |
|
Head and body not flattened dorsoventrally; maxillary
palpi each with three segments, the labial each with
two................ALLOCERELLUS SILVESTRI, 1915 |
|
128 Frontovertex (fig. 98) densely pitted, the pits
with a metallic green lustre; antennal scape subcylindical. Dominantly
black species, the fore wing entirely and strongly infuscated; cephalic
margin of fore wing forming an incision at apex of submarginal vein;
male antenna with six transverse funicle segments and a long unsegmented
banana-shaped club................CHALCASPIS HOWARD, 1895 |
|
Frontovertex at most punctate, the punctations not
refringent........ 129 |
|
129 Head and body flattened dorsoventrally; maxillary
palpi each with two segments, the labial not segmented. Small species,
weakly sclerotized, usually yellowish, without metallic refringence;
marginal and postmarginal veins very short or
punctiform................RHOPUS FOERSTER, 1856 |
|
Head and body not flattened dorsoventrally; palpi
otherwise........ 130 |
|
130 Maxillary palpi each with three segments, the
labial each with two................131 |
|
Maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial
three-segmented........ 132 |
|
131 Antenna (fig. 99) long, filiform, the funicle
segments all plainly longer than wide; postmarginal vein (fig. 100) of
fore wing long, extending to a level well beyond apex of stigmal; small
species. Fore wing hyaline or partly infuscated........ LEPTOMASTIDEA
MERCET, 1916 |
|
Antenna (fig. 101) not particularly slender, the
funicle segments not all longer than wide; postmarginal vein short,
shorter than stigmal; larger species........ DOLIPHOCERAS MERCET, 1921 |
|
132 Antennal funicle with contrasting white and black
segments; if rarely unicolorous, then marginal and postmarginal veins
very short or punctiform........ 133 |
|
Funicle unicolorous; marginal and postmarginal veins
well developed, the latter often very long........ 134 |
|
133 Antennal scape moderately to broadly expanded
ventrally (fig. 102); fore wing hyaline; frontovertex without
punctations................ANAGYRUS HOWARD, 1895 |
|
Antennal scape subcylindrical (fig. 121); fore wing
weakly to strongly infuscated (fig. 119), at least in the distal
three-fourths or so; frontovertex and face with scattered punctations
(fig. 118). Basal part of fore wing with setation as in fig. 120; male
antenna as in fig. 122................XIPHOMASTIX DE SANTIS, 1972 |
|
134 Fore wing distinctly infuscated with hyaline
patches........ 135 |
|
Fore wing hyaline; if rarely infuscated, then with
faint longitudinally infuscated bands........ 136 |
|
135 Head and body dominantly orange-red; fore wing
(fig. 103) tapering towards apex from the level of apex of venation, the
wing disc characteristically maculated as in fig. 103; antenna not
particularly slender, the scape somewhat expanded ventrally, about three
times as long as its greatest width; wings held horizontal in
life................YASUMATSUIOLA TRJAPITZIN, 1978 |
|
Colour of head and body otherwise; fore wing (fig.
104) long, slender, not tapering towards apex, the latter broadly
rounded; wing disc infuscated with hyaline cross-bands or patches;
antenna (fig. 105) long and slender, filiform, the scape cylindrical,
much more than three times as long as wide; wings held erect in
life................CALLIPTEROMA MOTSCHULSKY, 1863 |
|
136 Scutellum with sculptural cells longitudinally
oriented, somewhat raised, giving the disc a striate effect (fig. 114).
Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci (fig. 114); head and body black, shiny,
without metallic refringence; male antenna (fig. 11 7) with rami, one
each on funicle segments II–V........ INSLEYIA Prinsloo & Annecke, 1979. |
|
Sculpture of scutellum otherwise................137 |
|
137 Antennal scape (fig. 106) moderately to broadly
expanded ventrally, or if only slightly expanded, then the ends
cylindrical. General colour yellow to orange, without metallic lustre;
thorax covered with fine white setae; postmarginal vein long, reaching
to a level beyond apex of stigmal................GYRANUSOIDEA COMPERE,
1947 |
|
Antennal scape not or hardly expanded
ventrally........ 138 |
|
138 Body always black, with moderate to strong
metallic green, blue or purplish refringence. Mesoscutum with incomplete
parapsidal sulci; marginal and postmarginal veins long........ CLAUSENIA
ISHII, 1923 |
|
Colour otherwise, if rarely black, then without any
metallic refringence........ 139 |
|
139 Antenna filiform, the basal funicle segment
longer than pedicel, often very much so; cercal plates advanced to a
level near base of metasoma........ LEPTOMASTIX FOERSTER, 1856 |
|
Antenna not filiform, the pedicel longer than basal
funicle segment; cecal plates placed near apex of
metasoma................ALLOCERELLUS SILVESTRI, 1915 |
