Key to the species-groups
of Gonatopus (females)
Gonatopus
femles were divided for
convenience by Olmi (1993b), Xu et al. (2013), Olmi & Virla (2014) and
Olmi & Xu (2015) into twelve groups on the basis of the following characters:
1. Fully winged ...Group 11
- Apterous ...2
2. Enlarged claw without
subapical tooth, or with one very small subapical tooth ...3
- Enlarged claw with one
large subapical tooth ...6
3. Apex of enlarged claw with
group of lamellae ...Group 8
- Apex of enlarged claw
without lamellae ...4
4. Pronotum crossed by strong
transverse furrow ...Group 7
- Pronotum not crossed by
transverse furrow or slightly impressed ...5
5. Palpal formula 6/3
...Group 12 (not present in Afrotropical region)
- Palpal formula different
...Group 6
6. Pronotum not crossed by
transverse impression or slightly impressed ...7
- Pronotum crossed by strong
transverse impression ...8
7. Labial palpi 3-segmented
...Group 9 (not present in Afrotropical region)
- Labial palpi 2-segmented
...Group 5
8. Enlarged claw without
lamellae, with or without bristles or peg-like setae ...Group 1
- Enlarged claw with lamellae
...9
9. Labial palpus 2-segmented
...10
- Labial palpus 3-segmented
...11
10. Maxillary palpus composed
of 2–4 segments ...Group 2
- Maxillary palpus
5-segmented ...Group 10 (not present in Afrotropical region)
11. Maxillary palpus
6-segmented ...Group 4
- Maxillary palpus with 4 or
5 segments ...12
12. Maxillary palpus
5-segmented ...Group 3
- Maxillary palpus
4-segmented ...Group 10 (not present in Afrotropical region)
The above groups are
distributed in the zoogeographical regions as follows:
Palaearctic: groups 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11.
Afrotropical: groups 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11.
Oriental: groups 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 10.
Nearctic: groups 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12.
Neotropical: groups 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12.
Australian: groups 1, 2, 4,
5, 6, 7, 9.
It is not possible to assign
males to the above groups.
All known Afrotropical
species of Gonatopus can be attributed to one of the above nine female
groups, except Gonatopus africanus (Benoit 1951) and Gonatopus
capicola Kieffer 1913. The attribution of these two species to a distinct
group is impossible, because only male specimens are known (Gonatopus
africanus (Benoit)), or they have been described on the basis of female type
material that is apparently lost (Gonatopus capicola Kieffer) and no
further specimens have been collected. For this reason and because the original
descriptions are unreliable, they are attributed to an uncertain group (see
“incertae sedis” species) (Olmi et al 2019).
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 1
Single African species:
Gonatopus nearcticus
(Fenton, 1927)
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 2
Nineteen species are known. Hosts: Fulgoromorpha.
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 2: key to females
1. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete or incomplete ...2
- Meso-metapleural suture distinct and complete ...13
2. Metanotum with lateral pointed protrusions ...Gonatopus
comorensis Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Metanotum with sides rounded ...3
3. Mesosoma at least partly black ...4
- Mesosoma completely yellow-testaceous, or yellow-reddish, or
brown-reddish, or partly yellow-reddish and brown-reddish ...7
4. Pronotum with anterior collar black and disc yellow ...Gonatopus
perkinsiellavorus (Benoit)
- Pronotum completely black, or brown, or testaceous ...5
5. Mesoscutum yellow, with anterior margin darkened; antennomere
10 brown ...Gonatopus harteni (Olmi) or Gonatopus festivus
Olmi (see remarks)
- Mesoscutum black; antennomere 10 brown, or whitish, or yellow
...6
6. Antennomere 10 whitish or yellow ...Gonatopus
pilosoides
Olmi
- Antennomere 10 brown ...Gonatopus niassensis Olmi
7. Body very shiny, unsculptured, except propodeal declivity
transversely striate ...Gonatopus ceballosi Olmi
- Body at least partly strongly or slightly granulate, or rugose
...8
8. Head completely yellow-testaceous ...9
- Head brown-black or brown, except occiput, clypeus, mandible
and anterior part of frons yellow ...10
9. Top of metapectal-propodeal disc with track of median furrow
...Gonatopus polli
(Benoit)
- Top of metapectal-propodeal disc without track of median furrow
...Gonatopus ghanensis Olmi
10. Top and anterior surface of metapectal-propodeal disc rugose
and sculptured by irregular striae; head with OL about 3 × as long as POL;
frontal line present also in ocellar triangle forming median longitudinal keel
...Gonatopus ntumenensis Olmi
- Top and anterior surface of metapectal-propodeal disc
unsculptured or very slightly granulate; head with OL twice or less than twice
as long as POL; frontal line not present in ocellar triangle ...11
11. Pronotum showing disc contraction near posterior margin
sides of metanotum less sinuate ...Gonatopus festivus Olmi
- Pronotum not showing disc contraction near posterior margin
sides of metanotum more sinuate ...12
12. Top of metapectal-propodeal disc without track of median
longitudinal furrow ...Gonatopus ruens Olmi
- Top of metapectal-propodeal disc with track of median
longitudinal furrow ...Gonatopus amoenus Olmi
13. Body at least partly black or brown or brown-reddish ...14
- Body yellow testaceous, or testaceous, or ferruginous, except
petiole black; occasionally antenna or metasoma partly or totally brown or black
...17
14. Anterior surface of metapectal-propodeal disc sculptured by
many strong longitudinal striae; top of metapectal-propodeal disc with strong
median longitudinal furrow; head deeply excavated ...Gonatopus
camposensis
Olmi
- Anterior surface of metapectal-propodeal disc unsculptured, or
granulate, or punctate, never sculptured by striae; top of metapectal-propodeal
disc without median longitudinal furrow or with track of median longitudinal
furrow; head less excavated ...15
15. Subdistal tooth of enlarged claw larger ...Gonatopus
jacksoni Olmi
- Subdistal tooth of enlarged claw smaller ...16
16. Head less excavated anterior surface of metapectal-propodeal
disc very shiny, unsculptured ...Gonatopus acutus (Olmi)
- Head more excavated anterior surface of metapectal-propodeal
disc slightly dull, partly punctate and granulate ...Gonatopus vannoorti
Olmi
17. Metanotum excavated behind mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus
fisheri Olmi
- Metanotum about coplanar to mesoscutellum ...18
18. Pronotum with transverse impression narrow and less deep top
of metapectal-propodeal disc usually without median furrow occasionally with
track of median longitudinal furrow ...Gonatopus similis Brues
- Pronotum with transverse impression very deep and broad top of
metapectal-propodeal disc usually with strong median furrow occasionally with
track of median longitudinal furrow ...Gonatopus spiracularis
(Benoit)
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 3
Fourteen species are known. Hosts: Fulgoromorpha.
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 3: key to females
1. Enlarged claw with apex very broad ...Gonatopus
fuscus
(Olmi)
- Enlarged claw with apex tapering, not broad ...2
2. Metapectal-propodeal disc with strong median longitudinal
furrow ...3
- Metapectal-propodeal disc without strong median longitudinal
furrow ...4
3. Metanotum weakly excavated behind mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus
acuminatus (Olmi)
- Metanotum deeply excavated behind mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus
nicator Olmi
4. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete (at most slightly visible in
posterior half) ...5
- Meso-metapleural suture distinct and complete ...6
5. Metapectal-propodeal disc fusiform; metanotum not protruding
laterally, without lateral pointed or rounded protrusion ...Gonatopus ruber
Olmi
- Metanotum with two lateral pointed protrusions ...Gonatopus
madecassus Olmi
6. Mesoscutum without two lateral pointed protrusions
occasionally with three very small pointed protrusions corresponding to three
carinae located on lateral regions of mesoscutum ...7
- Mesoscutum with two strong lateral pointed protrusions ...10
7. Enlarged claw with subdistal tooth located very close to most
distal lamella ...Gonatopus scholtzi Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Enlarged claw with subdistal tooth located very far from most
distal lamella ...8
8. Metanotum laterally rounded ...Gonatopus robertsoni
Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Metanotum laterally with two slightly pointed protrusions ...9
9. Mesosoma testaceous-reddish ...Gonatopus ceres (Olmi)
- Mesosoma mostly black, except mesoscutum mostly yellow,
metanotum brown and posterior apex of propodeal declivity yellow ...Gonatopus
schwarzorum Guglielmino & Olmi
10. Metapectal-propodeal disc fusiform; metanotum not protruding
laterally, without lateral pointed or rounded protrusions ...11
- Metanotum with two lateral pointed or rounded protrusions ...12
11. Mesosoma completely black ...Gonatopus hantamensis
Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Prothorax and mesoscutum testaceous, or brown-reddish; rest of
mesosoma black, with distal extremity of propodeal declivity reddish ...Gonatopus
cafer Olmi
12. Head with OL 2–3 × as long as POL; mesoscutum very slender,
twice as long as broad (length calculated from the anterior margin to imaginary
line joining two lateral pointed apophyses of mesoscutum) ...Gonatopus
mixtus
Olmi
- Head with OL less than twice as long as POL; mesoscutum less
slender, about as long as broad (length calculated from anterior margin to
imaginary line joining two lateral pointed apophyses of mesoscutum) ...13
13. Head shiny, unsculptured, except frontal line; apex of
protarsomere 5 with less than 20 lamellae ...Gonatopus pluvialis
Olmi
- Head dull, with many longitudinal striae on frons and many
transverse striae on sides of ocelli; apex of protarsomere 5 with more than
twenty lamellae ...Gonatopus ruvidus Olmi
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 4
Thirteen species are known. Hosts: Fulgoromorpha.
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 4: key to females
1. Metapectal-propodeal disc and propodeal declivity totally or
almost totally ferruginous or brown-ferruginous, or testaceous ...2
- Metapectal-propodeal disc and propodeal declivity totally or
almost totally black ...9
2. Head flat ...Gonatopus gazensis Olmi
- Head excavated ...3
3. Metapectal-propodeal disc sculptured by irregular longitudinal
keels ...4
- Metapectal-propodeal disc granulate or unsculptured, not
sculptured by keels ...6
4. Protarsomere 1 longer than 4 ...Gonatopus karooensis
Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Protarsomere 1 shorter than 4 ...5
5. Head dull, completely granulate; disc of pronotum dull,
completely granulate ...Gonatopus subrufulus Olmi
- Head shiny, with frons mostly unsculptured and occiput
granulate; disc of pronotum shiny, sculptured by numerous longitudinal striae
...Gonatopus ibayensis Olmi
6. Metapectal-propodeal disc dull, granulate, very sloping
anteriorly ...Gonatopus rufulus
(Olmi)
- Metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, unsculptured, less sloping
anteriorly ...7
7. Mesoscutum with two large lateral pointed apophyses ...Gonatopus
mixtus Olmi (see group 3)
- Mesoscutum without lateral pointed apophyses ...8
8. Mesosoma ferruginous-dark; mesoscutellum almost flat;
metanotum very weakly excavated behind mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus
tanzanianus Olmi
- Mesosoma yellow-testaceous; mesoscutellum sloping anteriorly;
metanotum strongly excavated behind mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus
emelyanovi Ponomarenko & Olmi
9. Metanotum about coplanar to mesoscutellum ...10
- Metanotum excavated behind mesoscutellum ...11
10. Apex of enlarged claw very broad protarsomere 5 with one
short row of lamellae metapectal-propodeal disc only slightly humped ...Gonatopus
bellicosus Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Apex of enlarged claw slender protarsomere 5 with long rows of
lamellae metapectal-propodeal disc very humped ...Gonatopus
marojejyanus Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
11. Enlarged claw with apex strongly bent metapectal-propodeal
disc granulate and with few slight longitudinal keels ...Gonatopus
owaini Olmi
- Enlarged claw with apex only slightly bent;
metapectal-propodeal disc unsculptured ...12
12. Apex of protarsomere 5 very broad and with many lamellae;
metapectal-propodeal disc sloping strongly anteriorly; mesoscutum without two
lateral pointed apophyses ...Gonatopus danielssoni Olmi
- Apex of protarsomere 5 less broad and with few lamellae;
metapectal-propodeal disc sloping weakly anteriorly; mesoscutum with two lateral
pointed apophyses ...Gonatopus orangensis Olmi
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 5
Two species are known. Hosts: Fulgoromorpha.
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 5: key to females
1. Protarsomere 1 slightly longer than 4; head and mesosoma
completely yellow-testaceous ...Gonatopus flavotestaceus Olmi, Copeland &
van Noort
- Protarsomere 1 about twice as long as 4; head brown, except
mandible, clypeus and anterior region of frons reddish; mesosoma testaceous-reddish,
except pronotum reddish-dark ...Gonatopus pallidior Olmi
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 6
Nine species are known. Hosts: Cicadomorpha.
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 6: key to females
1. Mesosoma and head yellow-testaceous or reddish ...2
- Mesosoma and head at least partly black or brown ...5
2. Antenna brown or black, except scape testaceous ...Gonatopus
mossambicus Olmi
- Antenna totally testaceous ...3
3. Head almost flat ...Gonatopus ochreus (Olmi)
- Head excavated ...4
4. Metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, unsculptured ...Gonatopus
vulgaris Olmi
- Metapectal-propodeal disc dull, granulate ...Gonatopus
rubripes (Olmi)
5. Head completely flat ...Gonatopus yemenensis
Olmi & van Harten
- Head excavated ...6
6. Metapectal-propodeal disc sloping strongly anteriorly ...Gonatopus
zairensis (Olmi)
- Metapectal-propodeal disc sloping weakly anteriorly ...7
7. Metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, unsculptured; propodeal
declivity, meso- and metapleuron trasversely striate ...8
- Metapectal-propodeal disc dull, granulate; propodeal declivity,
meso- and metapleuron granulate or occasionally transversely striate ...9
8. Mesosoma brown-reddish or black-reddish, with mesoscutum
yellow ...Gonatopus vulgaris Olmi
- Mesosoma black, including mesoscutum black ...Gonatopus
nigrior (Olmi)
9. Propodeal declivity completely granulate, not transversely
striate ...Gonatopus afer (Olmi)
- Propodeal declivity transversely striate ...Gonatopus
varipes Brues
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 7
Seventy species are known. Hosts:Cicadomorpha (very rarely
Fulgoromorpha).
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 7: key to females
1. Protarsomere 1 approximately twice as long as 4 ...Gonatopus
meridionalis (Benoit)
- Protarsomere 1 as long as, or shorter, or slightly longer than
4 ...2
2. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete or slightly distinct and
incomplete ...3
- Meso-metapleural suture distinct and complete ...32
3. Mesoscutum very long, approximately 3 × as long as broad ...Gonatopus
longiusculus Olmi
- Mesoscutum shorter, less than 3 × as long as broad ...4
4. Mesoscutum with two lateral pointed prominences ...5
- Mesoscutum without lateral pointed prominences ...17
5. Protarsomere 5 with two rows of lamellae; shortest row
extending beyond 0.5 × length of protarsomere 5 ...6
- Protarsomere 5 with one row of lamellae or with two rows (then
shortest row not extending beyond 0.5 × length of protarsomere 5) ...8
6. Protarsomere 5 with two rows of lamellae beginning in proximal
third of protarsomere ...Gonatopus australis (Ceballos)
- Protarsomere 5 with two rows of lamellae situated in distal
half of protarsomere ...7
7. Larger species (length more than 2.5 mm), with head and
mesosoma partly brown ...Gonatopus griswoldi Olmi
- Smaller species (length less than 2 mm), completely yellow-testaceous,
except petiole black ...Gonatopus minutus Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
8. Frons without longitudinal keels (except frontal line) ...9
- Frons with numerous longitudinal keels (in addition to frontal
line) ...13
9. Subapical tooth of enlarged claw very large; mesoscutum yellow
...Gonatopus somerseti (Olmi)
- Subapical tooth of enlarged claw small mesoscutum black or
brown or testaceous ...10
10. Metapectal propodeal disc unsculptured ...11
- Metapectal-propodeal disc granulate or sculptured by
longitudinal striae ...12
11. Top of metapectal-propodeal disc with slight median
longitudinal furrow ...Gonatopus masoalensis Olmi
- Top of metapectal-propodeal disc without median longitudinal
furrow ...Gonatopus benoiti Olmi
12. Head flat ...Gonatopus ankaratrus (Ceballos)
- Head strongly excavated ...Gonatopus capensis
Brues
13. Metapectal-propodeal disc completely reticulate rugose;
transverse striae on propodeal declivity and occasionally on meso- and
metapleuron ...14
- Metapectal-propodeal disc differently sculptured (granulate, or
unsculptured, or with longitudinal keels, or punctate) ...15
14. Proximal half of enlarged claw slender ...Gonatopus
paulyianus Olmi
- Proximal half of enlarged claw very broad ...Gonatopus
macua Olmi
15. Head weakly excavated ...Gonatopus pilosipes
Brues
- Head distinctly excavated ...16
16. Metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, unsculptured ...Gonatopus
guigliae (Benoit)
- Metapectal-propodeal disc dull, with numerous longitudinal
keels ...Gonatopus seyrigi (Ceballos)
17. Mesosoma at least partly yellow-testaceous, or testaceous-reddish,
occasionally with brown spots ...18
- Mesosoma totally or almost totally black ...27
18. Temple more sticking out ...19
- Temple less sticking out ...22
19. Vertex distinctly excavated ...20
- Vertex almost flat ...21
20. Metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, unsculptured ...Gonatopus
rubrithorax (Benoit)
- Metapectal-propodeal disc dull, granulate ...Gonatopus
faustae Olmi
21. Protarsomere 5 with one row of lamellae ...Gonatopus
mosseli Olmi
- Protarsomere 5 with one row of bristles and one subdistal
lamella ...Gonatopus grobbelaari Olmi
22. Body totally yellow-testaceous, or ferruginous, except
petiole black ...23
- Body at least partly black, or brown, or dark ...26
23. Metapectal-propodeal disc sloping markedly anteriorly ...24
- Metapectal-propodeal disc sloping weakly anteriorly ...25
24. Protarsomere 5 with one row of lamellae subapical tooth of
enlarged claw situated nearer apex ...Gonatopus ericeti Olmi
- Protarsomere 5 with two rows of lamellae subapical tooth of
enlarged claw situated farther from apex ...Gonatopus mirus Olmi &
van Harten
25. Metapectal-propodeal disc more slender shiny and
unsculptured ...Gonatopus hyalinus Olmi
- Metapectal-propodeal disc less slender dull and granulate ...Gonatopus
faustae Olmi
26. Mesoscutellum and metapectal-propodeal disc black, except
apex of propodeal-declivity reddish ...Gonatopus ridens Olmi
- Mesoscutellum and metapectal-propodeal disc reddish, or yellow,
or testaceous, with black or brown nuances on meso- and metapleuron and
occasionally on mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus communis Olmi
27. Propodeal declivity not transversely striate ...28
- Propodeal declivity transversely striate ...29
28. Head almost flat ...Gonatopus luteipes (Benoit)
- Head distinctly excavated ...Gonatopus transvaalensis
Olmi
29. Metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, unsculptured ...30
- Metapectal-propodeal disc dull, granulate, or with many slight
longitudinal striae ...31
30. Protarsomere 5 with one row of lamellae situated both in
proximal and distal half ...Gonatopus bekilyanus (Benoit)
- Protarsomere 5 with one row of lamellae situated in distal half
...Gonatopus natalensis Olmi
31. Protarsomere 5 with one row of lamellae situated both in
proximal and distal half ...Gonatopus incognitus Olmi
- Protarsomere 5 with two rows of lamellae situated in distal
half ...Gonatopus transvaalensis Olmi
32. Temple with strong sharp carina ...33
- Temple without sharp carina ...35
33. ropodeal declivity granulate, not transversely striate;
mesoscutum very long, about 4 × as long as broad ...Gonatopus chiruanus
Olmi, Guglielmino, Natha & Nota Alfredo
- Propodeal declivity transversely striate; mesoscutum shorter,
about 2–3 × as long as broad ...34
34. Mesoscutum very long, approximately 2.5–3.0 × as long as
broad; temple rugose ...Gonatopus leptothorax Ceballos
- Mesoscutum shorter, about twice as long as broad; temple smooth
...Gonatopus fortis Olmi
35. Mesoscutum very long, approximately 2.5–3.0 × as long as
broad ...36
- Mesoscutum shorter, twice or less than twice as long as broad
...37
36. Head almost flat ...Gonatopus omanensis Olmi
- Head deeply excavated ...Gonatopus koebergensis
Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
37. Metapectal-propodeal disc with strong median furrow ...38
- Metapectal-propodeal disc without strong median furrow, or only
with slight track of median furrow ...46
38. Metanotum with sides rounded ...39
- Metanotum with sides rising to either a rounded or a sharp
lateral prominence ...40
39. Mesoscutum without lateral pointed apophyses ...Gonatopus
aethiopicus Olmi
- Mesoscutum with two lateral pointed apophyses ...Gonatopus
maritimus Olmi
40. Metanotum about coplanar to mesoscutellum ...41
- Metanotum deeply excavated behind mesoscutellum ...43
41. Metanotum flat mesoscutum very slender, about twice as long
as broad mesosoma brown-reddish ...Gonatopus delvarei Olmi
- Metanotum sloping anteriorly mesoscutum less slender, slightly
longer than broad ...42
42. Enlarged claw with small peg-like setae mesosoma black ...Gonatopus
tananarivei Olmi
- Enlarged claw with very large lamellae mesosoma testaceous-reddish
...Gonatopus karibibensis Olmi
43. Head almost flat, completely granulate, dull ...Gonatopus
okahandjae Olmi
- Head excavated, unsculptured or partly granulate, shiny ...44
44. Protarsomere 5 with lamellae situated in distal half ...Gonatopus
armatus Olmi
- Protarsomere 5 with lamellae situated in medial and proximal
regions ...45
45. Head and mesosoma almost totally black ...Gonatopus johnsi
Olmi
- Head and mesosoma totally testaceous-reddish ...Gonatopus
schierli Olmi
46. Mesopleuron with lateral pointed apophysis or prominence
...47
- Mesopleuron without lateral pointed apophysis ...50
47. Mesoscutum with two lateral pointed apophyses ...48
- Mesoscutum without lateral pointed apophyses ...49
48. Mesopleuron with lateral prominence ...Gonatopus
camerounensis Olmi
- Mesopleuron with lateral pointed apophysis ...Gonatopus
gumovskyi Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
49. Metapectal-propodeal disc unsculptured ...Gonatopus
taylori Olmi
- Metapectal-propodeal disc transversely striate ...Gonatopus
harinhalai Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
50. Mesoscutum without lateral pointed apophyses ...51
- Mesoscutum with two lateral pointed apophyses ...58
51. Metanotum not excavated behind mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus
shoanus Ponomarenko & Olmi
- Metanotum deeply excavated behind mesoscutellum ...52
52. Protarsomere 5 with apex very long ...Gonatopus
cornutus (Benoit)
- Protarsomere 5 with apex shorter ...53
53. Enlarged claw without small subapical tooth ...Gonatopus
cuambensis Olmi
- Enlarged claw with small subapical tooth ...54
54. Mesosoma ferruginous ...55
- Mesosoma completely or mostly black ...56
55. Head flat; metapectal-propodeal disc dull, granulate;
subapical tooth of enlarged claw situated nearer apex ...Gonatopus
martellii Olmi
- Head excavated metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, unsculptured subapical
tooth of enlarged claw situated farther from apex ...Gonatopus
wikstrandae Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
56. Mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeal declivity granulate,
not transversely striate ...Gonatopus zambianus Olmi
- Mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeal declivity granulate and
strongly transversely striate ...57
57. Protarsomere 5 with one row of lamellae ...Gonatopus
avontuurensis Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Protarsomere 5 with two rows of lamellae ...Gonatopus
upembanus Olmi
58. Metanotum about coplanar to mesoscutellum or very slightly
excavated ...59
- Metanotum deeply excavated behind mesoscutellum ...62
59. Metapectal-propodeal disc unsculptured ...60
- Metapectal-propodeal disc sculptured by many longitudinal
striae, or partly smooth and partly rugose ...61
60. Head and mesosoma yellow-reddish or ferruginous or yellow-testaceous;
head shiny, unsculptured ...Gonatopus benoiti Olmi
- Head black, except mandible, clypeus, small area between
antennal toruli, malar space and narrow stripe near malar space along orbits
testaceous; mesosoma brown-black; head dull, granulate ...Gonatopus
ranomafanensis Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
61. Enlarged claw with subapical tooth farther from apex lateral
pointed apophyses of mesoscutum situated far from mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus
sensitivus Olmi
- Enlarged claw with subapical tooth close to apex lateral
pointed apophyses of mesoscutum situated at the border with mesoscutellum ...Gonatopus
baginei Olmi
62. Mesosoma completely or almost completely black (in some
specimens, apex of propodeal declivity reddish and pronotum partly brown or
brown-testaceous) ...63
- Mesosoma reddish-dark, or reddish-light, or yellow-reddish,
broadly brown, or brown-reddish ...69
63. Subapical tooth of enlarged claw situated very near apex
...64
- Subapical tooth of enlarged claw situated very far from apex
...65
64. Enlarged claw long, straight and slender metanotum longer
...Gonatopus nigropictus Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Enlarged claw shorter and curved metanotum shorter ...Gonatopus
savanensis Olmi
65. Metapectal-propodeal disc dull, with granulate ...Gonatopus
operosus Olmi
- Metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, unsculptured, or dull,
transversely striate, or sculptured by longitudinal keels ...66
66. Metanotum with sides protruding; protrusions rounded metapectal-propodeal
disc sculptured by many longitudinal striae ...Gonatopus kanyawarus
Olmi, van Noort & Guglielmino
- Metanotum with sides rounded (metapectal-propodeal disc
fusiform) metapectal-propodeal disc completely unsculptured, or sculptured by
many transverse or longitudinal striae ...67
67. Metanotum shorter metapectal-propodeal disc partly
sculptured by more or less numerous transverse striae ...Gonatopus
tulearensis Olmi
- Metanotum longer metapectal-propodeal disc completely
unsculptured or sculptured by many longitudinal striae ...68
68. Metapectal-propodeal disc shiny, completely unsculptured
...Gonatopus trochantericus (Benoit)
- Metapectal-propodeal disc sculptured by many longitudinal
keels, granulate or unsculptured among keels ...Gonatopus rugithorax Olmi,
Copeland & van Noort
69. Head flat ...Gonatopus kolyadai Olmi
- Head excavated ...70
70. Propodeal declivity granulate, not transversely striate, or
slightly striate, or striate only near posterior extremity; metapectal-propodeal
disc granulate ...Gonatopus patrizii Benoit
- Propodeal declivity distinctly completely transversely striate;
metapectal-propodeal disc unsculptured, or reticulate rugose, or granulate
...71
71. Metapectal-propodeal disc unsculptured (or occasionally
slightly striate) ...Gonatopus turneri (Benoit)
- Metapectal-propodeal disc dull, reticulate rugose or granulate
...Gonatopus aestivus Olmi
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 8
Two species are known. Hosts: Fulgoromorpha.
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 8: key to females
1. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete ...Gonatopus paulyi
(Olmi)
- Meso-metapleural suture distinct and complete ...Gonatopus
maputensis Olmi
Afrotropical Gonatopus Groups 9, 10 & 12 are absent
from the Afrotropical region
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 11
Three species are known. Hosts: Fulgoromorpha.
Afrotropical Gonatopus Group 11: key to females
1. Propodeal declivity with two incomplete longitudinal keels;
metapectal-propodeal disc with or without tracks of two median longitudinal
keels ...Gonatopus costalis Olmi, Copeland & van Noort
- Propodeal declivity with two complete longitudinal keels;
metapectal-propodeal disc with two complete median subparallel longitudinal
keels ...2
2. Notauli complete, posteriorly separated; metapectal-propodeal
disc reticulate rugose, with two median longitudinal keels ...Gonatopus
obscurus (Ceballos)
- Notauli incomplete, almost reaching posterior margin of
mesoscutum; metapectal-propodeal disc not reticulate rugose, with numerous
parallel transverse keels and two median longitudinal keels, in addition to two
longitudinal keels situated on lateral regions ...Gonatopus bisulcatus
(Benoit)
Key to the known
Afrotropical Gonatopus males (males are not divided into groups)
1. Notauli absent ...Gonatopus
incognitus Olmi
- Notauli at least partly
present ...2
2. Notauli complete ...3
- Notauli incomplete ...17
3. Antennomere 3 less than 3
× as long as broad ...4
- Antennomere 3 3 ×, or more
than 3 × as long as broad ...10
4. Region of head between
lateral ocelli and eyes with ovoidal area anteriorly delimited by strong and
high carina ...5
- Region of head between
lateral ocelli and eyes with shiny, ovoidal area not delimited anteriorly by
strong and high carina ...9
5. Dorsal process of paramere
absent; paramere with inner membranous band along entire length ...Gonatopus
chiruanus Olmi, Guglielmino, Natha & Nota Alfredo
- Dorsal process of paramere
slender and with apex pointed, or large and with apex broadened ...6
6. Dorsal process of paramere
large and with apex broadened ...Gonatopus koebergensis Olmi, Copeland &
van Noort
- Dorsal process of paramere
slender and with apex pointed ...7
7. Notauli joined posteriorly,
or separate but very close to each other, with minimum distance between notauli
shorter than half of lateral ocelli breadth; head and mesoscutum dull, granulate
...Gonatopus ridens Olmi
- Notauli separate
posteriorly; minimum distance between notauli as long as breadth of lateral
ocelli, or longer than half of lateral ocelli breadth; head and mesoscutum dull
and granulate, or shiny, punctate, unsculptured among punctures ...8
8. Head punctate,
unsculptured among punctures, with shiny, unsculptured, ovoidal area between
lateral ocelli and eyes, surrounded anteriorly by very high carina and
posteriorly by lower carina continuing on temple and behind ocellar; mesoscutum
shiny, strongly punctate, unsculptured among punctures ...Gonatopus cornutus
(Benoit)
- Head granulate, with dull,
granulate, ovoidal area between lateral ocelli and eyes, not surrounded
anteriorly by high carina and posteriorly by lower carina continuing on temple
and behind ocellar triangle; mesoscutum dull, granulate ...Gonatopus
bekilyanus (Benoit)
9. Metapectal-propodeal disc
and propodeal declivity shiny, unsculptured ...Gonatopus okahandjae Olmi
- Metapectal-propodeal disc
and propodeal declivity dull, completely reticulate rugose ...Gonatopus
guigliae (Benoit)
10. Metapectal-propodeal disc
and propodeal declivity shiny, almost completely or mostly unsculptured ...11
- Metapectal-propodeal disc
and propodeal declivity dull, completely or mostly reticulate rugose ...12
11. Dorsal process of
paramere long and slender ...Gonatopus similis Brues
- Dorsal process of paramere
very broad ...Gonatopus faustae Olmi
12. Head black, except
ventral side, temple, malar space, clypeus and mandible testaceous-dark; dorsal
process of paramere not transverse, reduced to inner membranous band ...Gonatopus
maputensis Olmi
- Head black, except mandible
testaceous; dorsal process of paramere long, or short and transverse ...13
13. Dorsal process of
paramere short, transverse and pointed ...Gonatopus festivus Olmi
- Dorsal process of paramere
long or short, in this last case not pointed ...14
14. Dorsal process of
paramere slender ...Gonatopus communis Olmi
- Dorsal process of paramere
broad ...15
15. Dorsal process of
paramere longer and with very pointed apex ...Gonatopus ruens (Olmi)
- Dorsal process of paramere
shorter and with apex not pointed ...16
16. Dorsal process of
paramere longer, rising from proximal extremity of paramere ...Gonatopus
amoenus Olmi
- Dorsal process of paramere
apparently shorter because transverse and rising from medial region of paramere
...Gonatopus vannoorti Olmi
17. Clypeus very prominent,
sticking out as bill ...Gonatopus harteni (Olmi)
- Clypeus not prominent, not
sticking out as bill ...18
18. Metapectal-propodeal disc
and propodeal declivity completely unsculptured ...19
- Metapectal-propodeal disc
and propodeal declivity completely granulate, or at least partly reticulate
rugose, or with irregular striae and unsculptured among striae ...22
19. Distal part of 2r-rs&Rs
vein approximately as long as proximal part ...Gonatopus africanus
(Benoit) (see species incertae sedis)
- Distal part of 2r-rs&Rs
vein much longer than proximal part ...20
20. Metapectal-propodeal disc
approximately twice as long as propodeal declivity ...Gonatopus
nearcticus (Fenton)
- Metapectal-propodeal disc
approximately as long as propodeal declivity ...21
21. Dorsal process of
paramere longer occasionally dorsal process short and transverse in this case
its apex pointed ...Gonatopus incognitus Olmi
- Dorsal process of paramere
short and transverse, with apex rounded ...Gonatopus rubripes
(Olmi)
22. Dorsal process of
paramere distally broad ...23
- Dorsal process of paramere
slender and with apex narrow ...24
23. Region of head between
lateral ocelli and eyes with smooth ovoidal area shiny and unsculptured (area
anteriorly surrounded by strong prominent process) ...Gonatopus ochreus (Olmi)
- Head without smooth area
between lateral ocelli and eyes surrounded by strong prominent process ...Gonatopus
niassensis Olmi
24. Apex of penis deeply cut
...Gonatopus vulgaris Olmi
- Apex of penis not deeply
cut ...25
25. Dorsal process of
paramere broader ...Gonatopus varipes Brues
- Dorsal process of paramere
more slender ...26
26. Dorsal process of
paramere with very pointed apex ...Gonatopus acutus (Olmi)
- Dorsal process of paramere
with apex not pointed ...27
27. Palpal formula 4/2 ...Gonatopus
incognitus Olmi
- Palpal formula 3/2 ...Gonatopus
mossambicus Olmi
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